This handbook is the result of using solidification analysis, predictive modeling, software tools, and validation data to optimize the steel ingot solidification and minimize internal defects to ensure high-quality of carbon steel ingot production.

The solidification isotherms, axial porosity and A-segregation reports cover ingots:

• weighing between 5.0T and 10.0T (10,000-20,000 lbs);

• shapes including round, corrugated, and rectangular ingots;

• steel grades such as AISI 1008, 1015, 1026, 1045, 1060, and 1075.

The focus, in included of over 240 solidification analysis reports, is on axial porosity and A-segregation, which significantly impact internal quality and mechanical properties. These reports include segregation area ratio (Rs) and segregation intensity (Is), providing quantitative measures to select ingots with minimal internal defects.

• Rs indicates the proportion of the cross-section affected by segregation;

• Is measures the size of segregates at a local level;

• These metrics assist in quality control and defect minimization.

The handbook uses validated simulation tools through comparison with experimental data, sulfur prints, and ultrasonic testing of ingots.